Genus_Species Family Order Mass_g BMR_kJ_per_h Time Climate Torpor Migration Islands Mountains Flightless Food Reference Struthio_camelus Struthionidae Struthioniformes 92400 209.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No No Yes omnivore Withers_1983 Dromaius_novaehollandiae Dromaiidae Casuariiformes 38900 126.04 Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes omnivore Maloney_Dawson_1994 Apteryx_owenii Apterygidae Apterygiformes 1377 14.21 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_1996 Apteryx_haastii Apterygidae Apterygiformes 2529 19.02 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_1996 Apteryx_australis Apterygidae Apterygiformes 3137 16.6 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_1996 Nothoprocta_perdicaria Tinamidae Tinamiformes 458 6.35 Diurnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Withers_etal_1987 Callipepla_gambelii Odontophoridae Galliformes 126.1 2.72 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_1981 Callipepla_californica Odontophoridae Galliformes 137.1 2.76 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Hudson_Brush_1964 Lagopus_leucurus Phasianidae Galliformes 326 8.5 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Johnson_1968 Lagopus_mutus Phasianidae Galliformes 465 9.86 Nocturnal polar No No No Yes No vegetarian Mortensen_Blix_1986 Lagopus_lagopus Phasianidae Galliformes 658 10.1 Nocturnal polar No No No Yes No vegetarian Mortensen_Blix_1986 Dendrogapus_obscurus Phasianidae Galliformes 1131 17.85 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Pekins_etal_1992 Tetrao_urogallus Phasianidae Galliformes 3900 42.92 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coturnix_chinensis Phasianidae Galliformes 44.9 1.32 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Roberts_Baudinette_1986 Coturnix_pectoralis Phasianidae Galliformes 95.8 2.29 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Roberts_Baudinette_1986 Coturnix_coturnix Phasianidae Galliformes 97 3.21 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coturnix_japonica Phasianidae Galliformes 115 3.52 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Alectoris_chukar Phasianidae Galliformes 475 7.06 Diurnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Marder_Bernstein_1983 Perdix_perdix Phasianidae Galliformes 501 7.75 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Alectoris_graeca Phasianidae Galliformes 633 9.12 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Branta_bernicula Anatidae Anseriformes 1253 21.82 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Daan_etal_1990 Anser_canagicus Anatidae Anseriformes 2609 32.25 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Chen_caerulescens Anatidae Anseriformes 2930 27.9 Diurnal polar No Yes No No No vegetarian Boisemena_etal_1992 Anser_anser Anatidae Anseriformes 3250 39.01 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Cygnus_olor Anatidae Anseriformes 8538 112.12 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Bech_1980 Hymenolaimus_malacorhynchos Anatidae Anseriformes 717.1 11.31 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes Yes No carnivore McNab_2003 Tadorna_variegata Anatidae Anseriformes 1193.6 12.04 Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2003 Anas_crecca Anatidae Anseriformes 250 6 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_querquedula Anatidae Anseriformes 289 8.04 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_nesiotis Anatidae Anseriformes 371.1 5.94 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_aucklandica Anatidae Anseriformes 373.1 6.75 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_gracilis Anatidae Anseriformes 393.7 11.98 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2003 Lophodytes_cucullatus Anatidae Anseriformes 413.3 7.03 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore McNab_2003 Aythya_nyroca Anatidae Anseriformes 440 11.78 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aix_sponsa Anatidae Anseriformes 448 8.09 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anas_castanea Anatidae Anseriformes 483.3 6.86 Diurnal temperate No No No No No omnivore McNab_2003 Aythya_novaeseelandiae Anatidae Anseriformes 488.4 8.4 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_rhynchotis Anatidae Anseriformes 508 9.47 Diurnal temperate No No No No No carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_chlorotis Anatidae Anseriformes 528.8 8.35 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_clypeata Anatidae Anseriformes 554 13.96 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aythya_affinus Anatidae Anseriformes 561.5 10.33 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore McNab_2003 Aythya_fuligula Anatidae Anseriformes 574 9.73 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aythya_collaris Anatidae Anseriformes 681.5 11.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore McNab_2003 Anas_acuta Anatidae Anseriformes 721 15.71 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_penelope Anatidae Anseriformes 723 10.15 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anas_strepera Anatidae Anseriformes 791 22.33 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aythya_ferina Anatidae Anseriformes 816 20.94 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_platyrhynchos Anatidae Anseriformes 1020 14.64 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Netta_rufina Anatidae Anseriformes 1237 25.56 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Somateria_mollissima Anatidae Anseriformes 1660 21.99 Diurnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Jenssen_etal_1989 Eudyptula_minor Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 1100 11.49 Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes carnivore Baudinette_etal_1986 Eudyptes_chrysocome Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 2330 21 NA polar No Yes No No Yes carnivore Gavrilov_1977_Brown_1984 Eudyptes_pachyrhynchus Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 2600 24.92 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No Yes carnivore Drent_Stonehouse_1971 Eudyptes_chrysolophus Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 3870 31.13 NA temperate No Yes No No Yes carnivore Gavrilov_1977_Brown_1984 Spheniscus_humboldti Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 3870 34.14 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No Yes carnivore Drent_Stonehouse_1971 Pygoscelis_adeliae Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 3970 44.04 Diurnal polar No Yes No No Yes carnivore Kooyman_etal_1976 Megadyptes_antipodes Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 4800 41.45 Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes carnivore Drent_Stonehouse_1971 Aptenodytes_patagonicus Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 11080 78.67 NA polar No No No No Yes carnivore Gavrilov_1977 Aptenodytes_forsteri Spheniscidae Sphenisciformes 23370 154.19 Diurnal polar No Yes No No Yes carnivore Pinshow_etal_1976 Phoebetria_fusca Diomedeidae Procellariiformes 2875 29.79 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Adams_Brown_1984 Diomedea_chrysostoma Diomedeidae Procellariiformes 3753 30.63 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Adams_Brown_1984 Diomedea_exulans Diomedeidae Procellariiformes 8130 73.17 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Halobaena_caerulea Procellariidae Procellariiformes 191 6.38 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Brown_1988 Pterodroma_mollis Procellariidae Procellariiformes 274 6.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Adams_Brown_1984 Pterodroma_brevirostris Procellariidae Procellariiformes 315 6.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Puffinus_puffinus Procellariidae Procellariiformes 367 8.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Pterodroma_macroptera Procellariidae Procellariiformes 479 9.71 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_1988 Fulmarus_glacialis Procellariidae Procellariiformes 728 13.75 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Procellaria_cinerea Procellariidae Procellariiformes 1014 18.04 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Procellaria_aequinoctialis Procellariidae Procellariiformes 1287 22.71 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Macronectes_giganteus Procellariidae Procellariiformes 4780 48.08 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Oceanodroma_furcata Hydrobatidae Procellariiformes 44.6 1.59 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Vleck_Kenagy_1980 Podiceps_nigricollis Podicipedidae Podicipediformes 317 7.71 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_Jehl_2003 Egretta_caerulea Ardeidae Ciconiiformes 290.3 3.59 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_1980 Bebulcus_ibis Ardeidae Ciconiiformes 299.2 4.74 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No omnivore Ellis_1980 Egretta_tricolor Ardeidae Ciconiiformes 309 6.12 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_1980 Egretta_thula Ardeidae Ciconiiformes 314 4.89 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_1980 Morus_bassanus Sulidae Pelecaniformes 2574 44.96 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Phalacrocorax_auritus Phalacrocoracidae Pelecaniformes 1330 19.77 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Hennemann_1983 Phalacrocorax_aristotelis Phalacrocoracidae Pelecaniformes 1619 30.79 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Anhinga_anhinga Anhingidae Pelecaniformes 1040 11.49 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Hennemann_1983 Daptrius_ater Falconidae Falconiformes 362 4.32 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wasser_1986 Falco_sparverius Falconidae Falconiformes 116 2.38 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Falco_tinnunculus Falconidae Falconiformes 131 2.79 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Falco_subbuteo Falconidae Falconiformes 208 4.67 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Falco_mexicanus Falconidae Falconiformes 430 6.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Pandion_haliaetus Accipitridae Falconiformes 1495 19.88 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Accipiter_striatus Accipitridae Falconiformes 83 2.52 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Accipiter_nisus Accipitridae Falconiformes 135 3.42 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Ictinia_mississippiensis Accipitridae Falconiformes 232 3.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Accipiter_cooperi Accipitridae Falconiformes 452 7.66 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Parabuteo_unicinctus Accipitridae Falconiformes 572 5.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Pernis_apivorus Accipitridae Falconiformes 652 8.41 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Buteo_lineatus Accipitridae Falconiformes 658 7.6 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Buteo_buteo Accipitridae Falconiformes 1012 13.52 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Buteo_jamaicensis Accipitridae Falconiformes 1475 11.43 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Aquila_rapax Accipitridae Falconiformes 2398 16.27 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Atlantisia_rogersi Rallidae Gruiformes 39.4 0.81 Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes omnivore Ryan_etal_1989 Porzana_cinerea Rallidae Gruiformes 47.9 1.78 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Crex_crex Rallidae Gruiformes 96 2.83 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Gallirallus_philippensis Rallidae Gruiformes 171.7 3.51 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallirallus_owstoni Rallidae Gruiformes 198.8 3.3 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No Yes omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallinula_ventralis Rallidae Gruiformes 309.2 5.81 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Aramides_cajanea Rallidae Gruiformes 374.3 5.55 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Fulica_atra Rallidae Gruiformes 412 7.36 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Gallinula_tenebrosa Rallidae Gruiformes 512.4 8.42 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallirallus_australis Rallidae Gruiformes 813.5 6.58 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Amaurornis_ineptus Rallidae Gruiformes 856.6 4.83 Nocturnal tropical No No No No Yes omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Porphyrio_porphyrio Rallidae Gruiformes 919.3 13.31 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallinula_mortierii Rallidae Gruiformes 954.4 11.47 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Porphyrio_hochstetteri Rallidae Gruiformes 2758.3 24.79 Diurnal temperate No No Yes Yes Yes vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Turnix_suscitator Turnicidae Gruiformes 58.1 1.39 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_etal_1993 Haematopus_ostralegus Haematopodidae Charadriiformes 554 10.48 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kersten_Piersma_1987 Pluvialis_apricaria Charadriidae Charadriiformes 151 4.47 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Daan_etal_1990 Pluvialis_squatorola Charadriidae Charadriiformes 226 6.41 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Kersten_Piersma_1987 Charadrius_dubius Charadriidae Charadriiformes 36 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Thinocorus_rumicivorus Thinocoridae Charadriiformes 55.5 1.12 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ehlers_Morton_1982 Jacana_jacana Jacanidae Charadriiformes 107 3.62 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Scolopax_minor Scolopacidae Charadriiformes 156.7 3.85 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Vander_Haegen_etal_1994 Scolopax_rusticola Scolopacidae Charadriiformes 430 7.78 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Arenaria_interpres Scolopacidae Charadriiformes 90 3.32 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Kersten_Piersma_1987 Calidris_canutus Scolopacidae Charadriiformes 130 3.17 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Piersma_etal_1995 Tringa_ochropus Scolopacidae Charadriiformes 90 3.32 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Limosa_lapponica Scolopacidae Charadriiformes 240 5.47 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Daan_etal_1990 Rhodostethia_rosea Laridae Charadriiformes 155 3.83 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_1996 Rissa_tridactyla Laridae Charadriiformes 305 9.88 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Larus_ridibundus Laridae Charadriiformes 306 6.7 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Larus_canus Laridae Charadriiformes 431 8.1 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Larus_argentatus Laridae Charadriiformes 924 17.83 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Stercorarius_parasiticus Stercoraridae Charadriiformes 351 8.29 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Sterocrarius_skua Stercoraridae Charadriiformes 1159 22.42 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Alle_alle Alcidae Charadriiformes 152.5 7.4 Diurnal_Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gabrielsen_etal_1991 Fratercula_arctica Alcidae Charadriiformes 329 9.25 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Cepphus_grille Alcidae Charadriiformes 342.2 10.92 Diurnal_Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gabrielsen_etal_1991 Alca_torda Alcidae Charadriiformes 589 12.96 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Uria_aalge Alcidae Charadriiformes 771 16.25 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Uria_lomvia Alcidae Charadriiformes 819 18.25 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Pterocles_orientalis Pteroclididae Pteroclidiformes 386.4 7.01 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Hinsley_etal_1993 Oena_capensis Columbidae Columbiformes 36 0.88 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No NA No No No vegetarian Schleucher_2001 Geopelia_cuneata Columbidae Columbiformes 39 0.96 Nocturnal temperate_tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columbina_inca Columbidae Columbiformes 41.5 0.94 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian MacMillen_Trost_1967 Columbina_talpacoti Columbidae Columbiformes 45.7 1.49 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Geopelia_placida Columbidae Columbiformes 52 1.28 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Gallicolumba_beccarii Columbidae Columbiformes 68.8 1.92 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Geophaps_plumifera Columbidae Columbiformes 81 1.52 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Withers_Williams_1990 Zenaida_macroura Columbidae Columbiformes 91.4 2.33 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Hudson_Brush_1964 Geotrygon_montana Columbidae Columbiformes 107.3 2.43 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Streptopelia_senegalensis Columbidae Columbiformes 108 3.05 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Chalcophaps_indica Columbidae Columbiformes 124 2.85 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Leptotila_verreauxi Columbidae Columbiformes 131 3.19 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Vleck_Vleck_1979 Streptopelia_turtur Columbidae Columbiformes 154 4.1 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Streptopelia_decaocto Columbidae Columbiformes 170 3.42 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Daan_etal_1990 Ocyphaps_lophotes Columbidae Columbiformes 187 3.91 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Phaps_elegans Columbidae Columbiformes 190 4.46 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Geophaps_smithii Columbidae Columbiformes 198 3.14 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columba_leucocephala Columbidae Columbiformes 251.9 4.84 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Phaps_histrionica Columbidae Columbiformes 257 4.67 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Phaps_chalcoptera Columbidae Columbiformes 304 5.5 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columba_livia Columbidae Columbiformes 368 5.97 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Columba_leucomela Columbidae Columbiformes 456 8.77 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columba_vitiensis Columbidae Columbiformes 467.9 5.2 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Leucosarcia_melanoleuca Columbidae Columbiformes 468 6.02 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Caloenas_nicobarica Columbidae Columbiformes 613 6.53 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Goura_cristata Columbidae Columbiformes 2313.4 15.36 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ptilinopus_melanospila Columbidae Columbiformes 98 1.76 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Ptilinopus_superbus Columbidae Columbiformes 120.4 2.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_2002 Ptilinopus_perlatus Columbidae Columbiformes 196 3.82 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Drepanoptila_holosericea Columbidae Columbiformes 198 2.97 Nocturnal tropical Yes No Yes No No vegetarian Schluecher_2002 Gymnophaps_albertisii Columbidae Columbiformes 241.6 3.4 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_pacifica Columbidae Columbiformes 333.4 2.86 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_radiata Columbidae Columbiformes 333.6 5.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_rufigaster Columbidae Columbiformes 376.7 4.58 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_pistrinaria Columbidae Columbiformes 394.2 3.86 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_rubricera Columbidae Columbiformes 418.8 4.91 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae Columbidae Columbiformes 435.6 6.78 Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_spilorrhoa Columbidae Columbiformes 453.6 4.94 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_zoeae Columbidae Columbiformes 456.2 6.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_pinon Columbidae Columbiformes 583.8 6.41 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Nestor_meridionalis Psittacidae Psittaciformes 369.3 7.71 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No No omnivore McNab_Salisbury_1995 Nestor_notabilis Psittacidae Psittaciformes 836.9 15.98 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes Yes No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Nymphicus_hollandicus Psittacidae Psittaciformes 85.6 2.48 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1997 Cacatua_roseicapilla Psittacidae Psittaciformes 268.7 4.5 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Calyptorhynchus_banksii Psittacidae Psittaciformes 535.3 10.68 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Cacatua_tenuirostris Psittacidae Psittaciformes 549.9 11.4 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Cacatua_galerita Psittacidae Psittaciformes 776.1 12.3 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Trichoglossus_haematodous Psittacidae Psittaciformes 137.1 4.3 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Loriculus_galgulus Psittacidae Psittaciformes 27 1.86 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Melopsittacus_undulatus Psittacidae Psittaciformes 33.7 1.33 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_Schoenbaechler_1976 Neopsephotus_bourkii Psittacidae Psittaciformes 40 1.94 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Neophema_pulchella Psittacidae Psittaciformes 40 2.09 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Agapornis_roseicollis Psittacidae Psittaciformes 48.1 1.67 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Neophema_petrophila Psittacidae Psittaciformes 48.4 2.28 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Cyanorhamphus_auriceps Psittacidae Psittaciformes 52.9 1.77 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Cyanorhamphus_novaezelandiae Psittacidae Psittaciformes 56.1 2.24 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Agapornis_fischeri Psittacidae Psittaciformes 56.7 1.9 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Brotogeris_jugularis Psittacidae Psittaciformes 63.5 2.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Myiopsitta_monachus Psittacidae Psittaciformes 80.4 1.89 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_Caccamise_1978 Cyanorhamphus_unicolor Psittacidae Psittaciformes 129.4 3.89 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Barnardius_zonarius Psittacidae Psittaciformes 131.8 2.85 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Opisthocomus_hoazin Opisthocomidae Cuculiformes 598 5.76 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Grajal_1991 Cuculus_canorus Cuculidae Cuculiformes 111.6 3.02 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Eudynamys_scolopacea Cuculidae Cuculiformes 188 5.92 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No NA No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Centropus_senegalensis Cuculidae Cuculiformes 175 5.43 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Geococcyx_californicus Cuculidae Cuculiformes 294.6 4.55 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Ohmart_Lasiewski_1971 Tyto_alba Tytonidae Strigiformes 533.2 6.46 Diurnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Edwards_1987 Tyto_tenebricosa Tytonidae Strigiformes 770 10.36 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Otus_scops Strigidae Strigiformes 78.9 1.7 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Otus_trichopsis Strigidae Strigiformes 99.8 1.5 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Ligon_1969 Otus_asio Strigidae Strigiformes 165.5 2.16 Diurnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Ligon_1969 Strix_occidentalis Strigidae Strigiformes 571 9.63 Diurnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Ganey_etal_1993 Bubo_virginianus Strigidae Strigiformes 1000 15.62 Diurnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Ganey_etal_1993 Nyctea_scandiaca Strigidae Strigiformes 2026 11.84 Diurnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gessaman_1972 Micrathene_whitneyi Strigidae Strigiformes 45 0.91 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Ligon_1968 Glaucidium_gnoma Strigidae Strigiformes 52 1.67 Diurnal temperate_tropical No No No Yes No carnivore Ligon_1969 Aegolius_acadicus Strigidae Strigiformes 118.1 2.25 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Ligon_1969 Aegolius_funereus Strigidae Strigiformes 130 4.07 Diurnal temperate No No No Yes No carnivore Hohtola_etal_1994 Athene_cunicularia Strigidae Strigiformes 146.7 2.8 Diurnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Coulombe_1970 Ninox_theomacha Strigidae Strigiformes 151.4 3.77 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Uroglaux_dimorpha Strigidae Strigiformes 245.3 5.27 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Asio_otus Strigidae Strigiformes 252 3.43 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Wijnandts_1984 Podargus_ocellatus Podargidae Caprimulgiformes 145 2.04 Diurnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore Lasiewski_etal_1970 Podargus_papuensis Podargidae Caprimulgiformes 314.6 3.85 Diurnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Podargus_strigoides Podargidae Caprimulgiformes 380.3 3.72 Diurnal temperate_tropical Yes No No No No carnivore Bech_Nichol_1999 Chordeilus_minor Caprimulgidae Caprimulgiformes 72 1.59 Diurnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Lasiewski_Dawson_1964 Eurostopodus_argus Caprimulgidae Caprimulgiformes 88 1.47 Diurnal temperate_tropical NA No No No No carnivore Dawson_Fisher_1969 Eurostopodus_mystacalis Caprimulgidae Caprimulgiformes 162 1.73 Diurnal temperate_tropical NA NA No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Phalaenoptilus_nuttalli Caprimulgidae Caprimulgiformes 40 0.64 Diurnal temperate NA NA No No No carnivore Bartholomew_etal_1962 Caprimulgus_macrurus Caprimulgidae Caprimulgiformes 68.6 1.12 Diurnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Collocalia_esculenta Apodidae Apodiformes 6.8 0.29 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Collocalia_vanikorensis Apodidae Apodiformes 11.6 0.43 Nocturnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Apus_apus Apodidae Apodiformes 44.9 1.57 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sephanoides_sephanoides Trochilidae Apodiformes 5.7 0.37 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No vegetarian Lopez_Calleja_Bozinovic_1995 Oreotrochilus_estella Trochilidae Apodiformes 8.4 0.69 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Carpenter_1976 Patagona_gigas Trochilidae Apodiformes 19.1 1.03 Nocturnal tropical Yes NA No Yes No vegetarian Lasiewski_etal_1967 Colius_colius Coliidae Coliiformes 35.1 0.64 Nocturnal temperate Yes No No No No vegetarian McKechnie_Lovegrove_2001b Colius_striatus Coliidae Coliiformes 51 0.85 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian McKechnie_Lovegrove_2001a Urocolius_macrourus Coliidae Coliiformes 51.3 0.86 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_1988 Colius_castanotus Coliidae Coliiformes 69 1.66 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_etal_1981 Alcedo_atthis Alcedinidae Coraciiformes 34.3 1.36 Nocturnal temperate_tropical NA No No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Dacelo_novaeguineae Alcedinidae Coraciiformes 336 4.02 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Buttemer_etal_2003 Chloroceryle_aenea Alcedinidae Coraciiformes 11.8 0.63 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Todus_mexicanus Todidae Coraciiformes 6.3 0.41 Nocturnal tropical Yes No Yes No No carnivore Merola_Zwartjes_Ligon_2000 Momotus_momota Momotidae Coraciiformes 102.4 1.77 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Merops_viridis Meropidae Coraciiformes 33.8 1.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Bryant_etal_1984 Upupa_epops Upupidae Coraciiformes 67 1.99 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No NA No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Phoeniculus_purpureus Phoeniculidae Coraciiformes 74.1 1.25 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Boix_Hinzen_Lovegrove_1998 Rhyticeros_plicatus Bucerotidae Coraciiformes 1781.6 16.33 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2001 Notharchus_macrorhynchos Bucconidae Gabuliformes 43.2 1.14 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Aulacorhynchus_sulcatus Ramphastidae Piciformes 131.7 2.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Baillonius_bailloni Ramphastidae Piciformes 133 2.53 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2001 Aulacorhynchus_prasinus Ramphastidae Piciformes 174.7 2.99 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Pteroglossus_aracari Ramphastidae Piciformes 200.7 3.2 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Ramphastos_dicolorus Ramphastidae Piciformes 328.9 4.55 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Ramphastos_tucanus Ramphastidae Piciformes 420.3 6.15 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Ramphastos_toco Ramphastidae Piciformes 582 8.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Trachyphonus_darnaudii Ramphastidae Piciformes 36.6 0.79 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Jynx_toquilla Picidae Piciformes 31.8 1.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Picoides_pubescens Picidae Piciformes 23.3 1.19 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Liknes_Swanson_1996 Melanerpes_rubricapillus Picidae Piciformes 48.7 1.93 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Celeus_loricatus Picidae Piciformes 83.1 2.47 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Dendrocopus_major Picidae Piciformes 98 3.22 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Pitta_versicolor Pittidae Passeriformes 83.1 2.04 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Lepidothrix_coronata Pipridae Passeriformes 9.2 0.54 Nocturnal tropical NA No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Pipra_mentalis Pipridae Passeriformes 12.3 0.7 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No omnivore Bartholomew_etal_1983 Manacus_vitellinus Pipridae Passeriformes 15.5 0.84 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No omnivore Bartholomew_etal_1983 Chiroxiphia_lanceolata Pipridae Passeriformes 18.4 1.22 NA tropical NA No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Phytotoma_rara Cotingidae Passeriformes 41.6 2.06 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Rezende_etal_2001 Todirostrum_cinereum Tyrannidae Passeriformes 7.3 0.61 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Mionectes_oleagineus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 10.3 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Camptostoma_obsoletum Tyrannidae Passeriformes 12.5 0.95 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Cnipodectes_subbrunneus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 20.5 0.99 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Rhynchocyclus_olivaceus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 21 1.08 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Empidonax_virescens Tyrannidae Passeriformes 12.3 0.64 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Contopus_virens Tyrannidae Passeriformes 13.9 0.93 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Sayornis_phoebe Tyrannidae Passeriformes 21.6 1.24 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Myiarchus_crinitus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 33.9 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Tyrannus_tyrannus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 35.7 1.57 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Tyrannus_melancholicus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 38 1.31 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Myiodynastes_maculatus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 41 2.12 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Xenops_minutus Tyrannidae Passeriformes 9.9 0.82 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Glyphorynchus_spirurus Dendrocolaptidae Passeriformes 13.5 0.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Dendrocincla_fuliginosa Dendrocolaptidae Passeriformes 39 1.77 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Xiphorhynchus_guttatus Dendrocolaptidae Passeriformes 45.2 1.61 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Vleck_Vleck_1979 Myrmotherula_axillaris Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 9.6 0.78 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Cercomacra_tyrannina Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 15.4 0.68 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Hylophylax_naevioides Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 16.1 0.86 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thamnophilus_atrinuchs Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 20.5 1.01 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thamnophilus_punctatus Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 21 1.24 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Vleck_Vleck_1979 Thamnophilus_doliatus Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 26.2 1.03 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Mymeciza_longipes Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 27.4 1.17 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiesma_etal_2007 Gymnopithys_bicolor Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 27.7 1.2 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiesma_etal_2007 Myrmeciza_exsul Thamnophilidae Passeriformes 28.3 1.04 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiesma_etal_2007 Lichmera_indistincta Meliphagidae Passeriformes 10.1 0.76 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Vitali_etal_1999 Melithreptus_lunatus Meliphagidae Passeriformes 14.3 0.9 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Vitali_etal_1999 Phylidonyris_melanops Meliphagidae Passeriformes 18.8 1.05 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Vitali_etal_1999 Ptiloprora_guisei Meliphagidae Passeriformes 20.7 1.05 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Lichenostomus_virescens Meliphagidae Passeriformes 25 1.07 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Collins_etal_1980 Melipotes_fumigatus Meliphagidae Passeriformes 57.1 2.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Melidectes_rufocrissalis Meliphagidae Passeriformes 62.8 2.8 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Philemon_buceroides Meliphagidae Passeriformes 140.5 5.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Bonaccorso_McNab_pers_obs Prosthemadera_novaeseelandiae Meliphagidae Passeriformes 144.2 3.98 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_perspicillatus Pardalotidae Passeriformes 8.8 0.78 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_papuensis Pardalotidae Passeriformes 10.4 0.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_frontalis Pardalotidae Passeriformes 11 0.66 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Ambrose_Bradshaw_1988 Crateroscelis_nigrorufa Pardalotidae Passeriformes 14.6 0.74 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_nouhuysi Pardalotidae Passeriformes 16.6 1.01 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Crateroscelis_robusta Pardalotidae Passeriformes 17.3 0.91 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Ifrita_kowaldi Cinclosomatidae Passeriformes 28.9 1.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Rhipidura_albolimbata Rhipiduridae Passeriformes 9.7 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Rhipidura_atra Rhipiduridae Passeriformes 11 1.11 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Macheirhamphus_nigripectes Monarchidae Passeriformes 9.7 0.83 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Monarchus_axillaris Monarchidae Passeriformes 17.5 1.81 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Microeca_papuanus Petroicidae Passeriformes 12.5 1.11 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Peneothello_sigillatus Petroicidae Passeriformes 21.6 1.12 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Peneothello_cyanus Petroicidae Passeriformes 23.8 1.26 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Poecilodryas_albonotata Petroicidae Passeriformes 36.4 1.62 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Eulacestoma_nigropectus Pachycephalidae Passeriformes 19.9 1.24 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Pachycephala_schlegelii Pachycephalidae Passeriformes 22.6 1 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Pachycephala_soror Pachycephalidae Passeriformes 23.3 1.31 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Pachycephala_rufinucha Pachycephalidae Passeriformes 38.6 1.5 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Pitohui_nigrescens Pachycephalidae Passeriformes 70.5 2.27 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Toxorhamphus_poliopterus Melanocharitidae Passeriformes 13.2 0.69 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Melanocharis_versteri Melanocharitidae Passeriformes 13.6 0.88 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Oreocharis_arfaki Melanocharitidae Passeriformes 22.3 1.16 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Paramythia_montium Melanocharitidae Passeriformes 40.3 1.5 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Lanius_collurio Laniidae Passeriformes 27 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Lanius_excubitor Laniidae Passeriformes 72.4 3.68 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Oriolus_oriolus Oriolidae Passeriformes 64.9 2.34 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Cyanocitta_cristata Corvidae Passeriformes 80.8 3 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Misch_1960 Nucifraga_caryocatactes Corvidae Passeriformes 147 4.85 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Pica_nuttalli Corvidae Passeriformes 151.9 5.28 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hayworth_Weathers_1984 Garrulus_glandarius Corvidae Passeriformes 153 4.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Pica_pica Corvidae Passeriformes 158.9 4.31 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hayworth_Weathers_1984 Corvus_monedula Corvidae Passeriformes 188 6.19 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Daan_etal_1990 Pyrrhocorax_graculus Corvidae Passeriformes 206.4 6.17 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_frugilegus Corvidae Passeriformes 390 9.42 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_corone Corvidae Passeriformes 518 11.93 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_ruficollis Corvidae Passeriformes 660 12.23 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_corax Corvidae Passeriformes 1203 19.8 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Artamus_maximus Artamidae Passeriformes 60 1.99 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Cnemophilus_loriae Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 78.1 2.38 Diurnal_NocturnalYes tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_2005 Cnemophilus_macgregori Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 89 2.68 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Cicinnurus_regius Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 54 2.1 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Lophorina_superba Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 74.6 2.6 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Diphyllodes_magnificus Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 82.3 2.84 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Parotia_lawesi Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 144.9 4.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Astrapia_stephaniae Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 148.2 5.8 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_2005 Paradisaea_rudolphi Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 156.1 5.48 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Parotia_wahnesi Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 164.2 4.64 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Phonygammus_keraudrenii Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 170.7 4.31 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Manucodia_chalybata Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 177.2 4.94 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Ptiloris_magnificus Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 179.4 5.4 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Epimachus_meyeri Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 202.7 6.63 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_2005 Paradisaea_raggiana Paradisaeidae Passeriformes 215.7 6.75 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Bombycilla_garrulus Bombycillidae Passeriformes 72.5 3.43 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Parus_caeruleus Paridae Passeriformes 9.6 0.6 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Lindström_Kvist_1995 Poecile_atricapillus Paridae Passeriformes 10.3 0.91 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Rising_Hudson_1974 Parus_ater Paridae Passeriformes 10.8 0.85 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Parus_montanus Paridae Passeriformes 11.6 0.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Reinertsen_Haftorn_1986 Parus_major Paridae Passeriformes 16.5 1.26 Nocturnal temperate Yes NA No No No omnivore Reinertsen_Haftorn_1986 Tachycineta_albilinea Hirundinidae Passeriformes 11.7 0.9 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Stegidopteryx_ruficollis Hirundinidae Passeriformes 11.9 0.57 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Riparia_riparia Hirundinidae Passeriformes 13.6 0.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Hirundo_tahitica Hirundinidae Passeriformes 14.1 0.64 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Bryant_etal_1984 Tachycineta_bicolor Hirundinidae Passeriformes 16.4 1.03 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Delichon_urbica Hirundinidae Passeriformes 18 0.46 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Hirundo_rustica Hirundinidae Passeriformes 18.4 1.08 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Progne_chalybea Hirundinidae Passeriformes 34.9 1.68 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Psaltriparus_minimus Aegithalidae Passeriformes 5.5 0.46 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Chaplin_1982 Aegithalos_caudatus Aegithalidae Passeriformes 8.9 0.72 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Eremalauda_dunni Alaudidae Passeriformes 20.6 1 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Lullula_arborea Alaudidae Passeriformes 25.5 2.06 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Eremophila_alpestris Alaudidae Passeriformes 26 1.19 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Trost_1972 Certhilauda_erythrochlamys Alaudidae Passeriformes 27.3 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Williams_1999 Alauda_arvensis Alaudidae Passeriformes 31.7 2.6 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Alaemon_alaudipes Alaudidae Passeriformes 37.7 1.54 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Phyllastrephus_hypochloris Pycnonotidae Passeriformes 18.9 0.95 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore Seavy_McNab_2007 Andropodus_curvirostris Pycnonotidae Passeriformes 23 1.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Andropodus_virens Pycnonotidae Passeriformes 24.2 1.19 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Andropodus_latirostris Pycnonotidae Passeriformes 26.6 1.3 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Pycnonotus_barbatus Pycnonotidae Passeriformes 40.3 1.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Acrocephalus_palustris Sylviidae Passeriformes 10.8 0.73 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Acrocephalus_schoenobaenus Sylviidae Passeriformes 11.5 0.78 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Hippolais_icterina Sylviidae Passeriformes 12.5 1.69 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phylloscopus_collybita Sylviidae Passeriformes 8.2 0.59 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phylloscopus_sibilatrix Sylviidae Passeriformes 9.2 0.63 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phylloscopus_trochilus Sylviidae Passeriformes 10.7 0.75 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_curruca Sylviidae Passeriformes 10.6 0.72 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_nisoria Sylviidae Passeriformes 21.3 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_atricapilla Sylviidae Passeriformes 21.9 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_borin Sylviidae Passeriformes 24.8 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Zosterops_lateralis Zosteropidae Passeriformes 11.8 0.58 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Maddocks_Geiser_1997 Regulus_regulus Regulidae Passeriformes 5.5 0.66 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Troglodytes_troglodytes Troglodytidae Passeriformes 8.9 0.6 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Lindström_Kvist_1995 Troglodytes_aedon Troglodytidae Passeriformes 10.2 0.75 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Troglodytes_musculus Troglodytidae Passeriformes 13.3 0.76 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thryothorus_ludovicianus Troglodytidae Passeriformes 14.9 1.29 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Eberhardt_1994 Thryothorus_leucotis Troglodytidae Passeriformes 18 0.76 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thryothorus_rufalbus Troglodytidae Passeriformes 22.6 1.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thryothorus_fasciatoventris Troglodytidae Passeriformes 27.2 1.12 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Sitta_carolinesis Sittidae Passeriformes 18.3 1.04 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Liknes_Swanson_1996 Sturnus_vulgaris Sturnidae Passeriformes 75 3.16 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sialia_mexicana Turdidae Passeriformes 27.5 1.52 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Mock_1991 Turdus_iliacus Turdidae Passeriformes 58 2.6 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Turdus_migratorius Turdidae Passeriformes 62.4 2.74 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Wiermsa_etal_2007 Turdus_philomelos Turdidae Passeriformes 62.8 2.61 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Turdus_poliocephalus Turdidae Passeriformes 66.1 2.56 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Turdus_grayi Turdidae Passeriformes 77.9 2.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Turdus_merula Turdidae Passeriformes 82.6 3.34 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Turdus_viscivorus Turdidae Passeriformes 108.2 3.97 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phoenicurus_phoenicurus Turdidae Passeriformes 13 0.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phoenicurus_ochruros Turdidae Passeriformes 13.8 0.87 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Saxicola_rubetra Turdidae Passeriformes 14.3 0.87 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Tarsiger_cyanurus Turdidae Passeriformes 14.8 0.85 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No Yes No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Saxicola_torquata Turdidae Passeriformes 16.5 0.92 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Klaassen_1995 Erithacus_rubecula Turdidae Passeriformes 17.6 1.01 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Luscinia_svecica Turdidae Passeriformes 20.8 1.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No Yes No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Mimus_polyglottus Mimidae Passeriformes 44.2 2.44 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Mimus_gilvus Mimidae Passeriformes 68.9 2.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Ficedula_hypoleuca Muscicapidae Passeriformes 11.7 0.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Muscicapa_striata Muscicapidae Passeriformes 14.4 0.89 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Aethopyga_christinae Nectariniidae Passeriformes 5.2 0.48 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_minimus Nectariniidae Passeriformes 5.5 0.42 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cinnyris_bifiscatus Nectariniidae Passeriformes 6.2 0.33 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_reichenowi Nectariniidae Passeriformes 6.7 0.51 Nocturnal tropical No NA No Yes No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cinnyris_chloropygius Nectariniidae Passeriformes 6.8 0.5 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Aethopyga_siparaja Nectariniidae Passeriformes 6.8 0.53 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_venustus Nectariniidae Passeriformes 7.1 0.5 Nocturnal tropical No NA No Yes No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Hedydipna_collaris Nectariniidae Passeriformes 8.3 0.61 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cyanomitra_veroxii Nectariniidae Passeriformes 8.4 0.48 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_cupreus Nectariniidae Passeriformes 9 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Chalcomitra_adelberti Nectariniidae Passeriformes 9.5 0.63 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Chalcomitra_amethystina Nectariniidae Passeriformes 10 0.63 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Chalcomitra_rubescens Nectariniidae Passeriformes 10 0.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Chalcomitra_obscura Nectariniidae Passeriformes 11.2 0.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Anthreptes_orientalis Nectariniidae Passeriformes 11.8 0.55 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Nectarinia_tacazze Nectariniidae Passeriformes 13.5 0.88 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No Yes No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Chalcomitra_senegalensis Nectariniidae Passeriformes 13.7 0.86 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cyanomitra_verticalis Nectariniidae Passeriformes 14.1 0.9 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cyanomitra_cyanolema Nectariniidae Passeriformes 15.8 0.98 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Nectarinia_kilimensis Nectariniidae Passeriformes 16.2 0.94 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore Seavy_2006 Erythrura_trichroa Passeridae Passeriformes 15.1 0.86 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Oreostruthus_fuliginosus Passeridae Passeriformes 16 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Passer_montanus Passeridae Passeriformes 22.3 1.46 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Passer_domesticus Passeridae Passeriformes 23 1.32 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Estrilda_melpoda Estrildidae Passeriformes 7.5 0.47 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Marschall_Prinzinger_1991 Estrilda_troglodytes Estrildidae Passeriformes 7.5 0.54 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Uraeginthus_bengalis Estrildidae Passeriformes 9.2 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Chloebia_gouldiae Estrildidae Passeriformes 15.5 0.78 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Marschall_Prinzinger_1991 Amadina_fasciata Estrildidae Passeriformes 17.2 0.77 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Marschall_Prinzinger_1991 Amadina_erythrocephala Estrildidae Passeriformes 21.7 0.76 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore McKechnie_Lovegrove_2003 Taeniopygia_guttata Estrildidae Passeriformes 11.7 0.74 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Calder_1964 Lonchura_fuscans Estrildidae Passeriformes 9.5 0.36 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_1977 Lonchura_striata Estrildidae Passeriformes 10.3 0.77 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Lonchura_cucullata Estrildidae Passeriformes 10.6 0.39 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Lovegrove_Smith_2003 Lonchura_oryzivora Estrildidae Passeriformes 25.4 1.11 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Marschell_Prinzinger_1991 Prunella_modularis Prunellidae Passeriformes 16.8 1.17 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Motacilla_flava Motacillidae Passeriformes 14.7 0.93 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Motacilla_alba Motacillidae Passeriformes 18 1.08 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Anthus_pratensis Motacillidae Passeriformes 18.9 1.08 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anthus_trivalis Motacillidae Passeriformes 19.7 1.22 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anthus_campestris Motacillidae Passeriformes 21.8 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Fringilla_coelebs Fringillidae Passeriformes 21 1.34 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Fringilla_montifringilla Fringillidae Passeriformes 21 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carduelis_tristis Fringillidae Passeriformes 12.8 1.09 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Dawson_Carey_1976 Carduelis_spinus Fringillidae Passeriformes 14 1.05 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carduelis_flammea Fringillidae Passeriformes 14.7 1.25 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No vegetarian Reinertsen_Haftorn_1986 Carduelis_carduelis Fringillidae Passeriformes 16.5 1.25 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carduelis_cannabina Fringillidae Passeriformes 16.9 1.22 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carpodacus_mexicanus Fringillidae Passeriformes 20.4 1.12 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_1981 Carpodacus_erythrinus Fringillidae Passeriformes 21.2 1.33 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carpodacus_cassinii Fringillidae Passeriformes 27.4 1.22 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian Weathers_1981 Carduelis_chloris Fringillidae Passeriformes 28.2 1.71 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Loxia_leucoptera Fringillidae Passeriformes 29.8 1.67 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian Dawson_Tordoff_1964 Pyrrhula_pyrrhula Fringillidae Passeriformes 30.4 1.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Loxia_curvirostra Fringillidae Passeriformes 39.4 2.16 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coccothraustes_coccothraustes Fringillidae Passeriformes 48.3 2.51 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Loxia_pytyopsittacus Fringillidae Passeriformes 53.7 2.87 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coccothraustes_vespertina Fringillidae Passeriformes 54.5 2.71 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian West_Hart_1966 Pinicola_enucleator Fringillidae Passeriformes 78.4 3.91 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Himatione_sanguinea Fringillidae Passeriformes 13.5 1.08 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian Weathers_etal_1983 Telespiza_cantans Fringillidae Passeriformes 31.6 1.53 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No omnivore Weathers_van_Riper_1982 Loxioides_bailleui Fringillidae Passeriformes 34.8 1.61 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian Weathers_van_Riper_1982 Vireo_flavoviridis Vireonidae Passeriformes 15.9 1.01 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Vireo_olivaceus Vireonidae Passeriformes 16.2 0.86 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Vermivora_pinus Parulidae Passeriformes 7.8 0.54 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_palmarum Parulidae Passeriformes 9.8 0.56 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_dominica Parulidae Passeriformes 9.8 0.58 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_coronata Parulidae Passeriformes 11.5 0.68 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_pinus Parulidae Passeriformes 12 0.64 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_petechia Parulidae Passeriformes 12.2 0.5 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Protonotaria_citrea Parulidae Passeriformes 12.8 0.72 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Seiurus_novaeboracensis Parulidae Passeriformes 18.7 1.01 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Seiurus_aurocapillus Parulidae Passeriformes 19 0.87 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Icterus_bullocki Icteridae Passeriformes 34 1.81 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Rising_1969 Icterus_galbula Icteridae Passeriformes 34 1.81 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Rising_1969 Sturnella_militaris Icteridae Passeriformes 38.2 1.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Agelaius_phoeniceus Icteridae Passeriformes 43.1 1.74 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Weathers_1981 Quiscalus_quiscula Icteridae Passeriformes 92.2 3.56 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Quiscalus_mexicanus Icteridae Passeriformes 137.3 4.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Coereba_flaveola Coerebidae Passeriformes 10 0.77 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian Merola_Zwartjes_1998 Cyanerpes_cyaneus Thraupidae Passeriformes 13.5 0.98 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Euphonia_laniirostris Thraupidae Passeriformes 13.5 1.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Tanagra_larvata Thraupidae Passeriformes 16.2 0.85 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Rhamphocelus_dimidiatus Thraupidae Passeriformes 26.4 1.32 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thraupis_episcopus Thraupidae Passeriformes 30.4 1.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Eucometis_penicillata Thraupidae Passeriformes 30.7 1.42 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Rhamphocelus_flammingerus Thraupidae Passeriformes 32 1.5 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thraupis_palmarum Thraupidae Passeriformes 32.6 1.42 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Habia_fuscicauda Thraupidae Passeriformes 40 1.28 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Sporophila_americana Emberizidae Passeriformes 10.2 0.71 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Amphispiza_bilineata Emberizidae Passeriformes 11.6 0.71 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Weathers_1981 Spizella_passerina Emberizidae Passeriformes 11.9 0.7 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Oryzoborus_angolensis Emberizidae Passeriformes 12.3 0.72 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Ammodramus_savannarum Emberizidae Passeriformes 13.8 0.64 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Melospiza_georgiana Emberizidae Passeriformes 14.9 0.76 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Passerculus_sandwichensis Emberizidae Passeriformes 15.9 0.8 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Williams_Hansell_1981 Emberiza_schoeniclus Emberizidae Passeriformes 17.6 1.08 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Melospiza_melodia Emberizidae Passeriformes 19.1 0.9 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Zonotrichia_albicollis Emberizidae Passeriformes 20.2 1 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Yarbrough_1971 Pooectes_gramineus Emberizidae Passeriformes 21.5 0.98 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Emberiza_hortulana Emberizidae Passeriformes 24.3 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Zonotrichia_leucophrys Emberizidae Passeriformes 26.1 1.21 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Yarbrough_1971 Emberiza_citrinella Emberizidae Passeriformes 26.8 1.57 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Zonotrichia_querula Emberizidae Passeriformes 33.3 1.77 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Arremonops_conirostris Emberizidae Passeriformes 39.7 1.63 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Cyanocompsa_cyanoides Cardinalidae Passeriformes 27.9 1.35 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Cardinalis_sinuatus Cardinalidae Passeriformes 32 1.41 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hinds_Calder_1973 Saltator_orenocensis Cardinalidae Passeriformes 32.7 1.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Bosque_etal_1999 Cardinalis_cardinalis Cardinalidae Passeriformes 41 1.81 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hinds_Calder_1973 Saltator_striatipectus Cardinalidae Passeriformes 42.1 1.83 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Saltator_maximus Cardinalidae Passeriformes 44.8 1.97 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Saltator_coerulescens Cardinalidae Passeriformes 47 1.4 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Bosque_etal_1999